Marvell And Coyness Essays - Psychometrics, Research,

Marvell And Coyness q Research: the systematic effort to secure answers to questions. q Communication Research: Studies message related behavior as a specialty and is composed of verbal and non-verbal cues. q Quantitative Research: Explanation and Prediction, inquiries in which observations are expressed predominately in numerical terms. q Qualitative Research: Description and interpretation, and are based predominately in non-numerical terms. q Formats for Research Questions: I. Must be stated unambiguously II. Must have a least two variables III. Must be testable IV. Must not advance personal value judgments V. Clear grammatical statements. q Formats for Research Hypothesis: I. States Relationships between the variables II. Be consistent with what is know in the literature III. Must be testable. IV. Must be clear. V. Grammatical and unambiguous declarative sentences. a. Directional: What the relationship between the variable is. b. Non-Directional: There is a relationship between the variables. q Variables: a. Independent: Predict outcomes posited in the hypothesis. b. Dependent: Values or activities that are presumed to be conditioned upon the independent variable of the hypothesis. c. Continuous: Expressed numerically to indicate matters of degree. d. Categorical: Identifies the attributes or levels of a variable. q Operational definitions: Isolation of a concept by specifying the steps researches follow to make observations. q Conceptual definitions: Definitions that rely on other concepts to describe a term. q Descriptive Research: Research done through the gathering of available information. q Experimental Research: Research done when one or more of the variables is manipulated by the researcher. q Experimental Designs: Permits drawing causal claims about variables that can be manipulated. q Purpose of Lit. Reviews: To have some backup about what experts and others say about topic. q Peer Reviewed Sources: Sources that are reviewed by other students and scholars q Popular Sources: Magazines, Newspapers, and non-Reviews sources. q Reliability: The internal consistency of a measure. q Validity: a. Test validity is the constancy of a measure with a criterion; the degree to which a measure actually measures what is claimed. b. Experimental validity refers to the absence of errors that prevent researchers from drawing unequivocal conclusions. q Types of Survey Questions: a. Likert Scales: Scales composed of statements that reflect clear position on an issue, for which subjects indicate their agreement on a 5-point scale. b. Semantic Differential: Scales bounded by pairs of bipolar adjectives. c. Open Ended: Questions to which people respond in their own words. d. Closed Ended: Questions to which people respond in fixed categories of answers. q Uses of Focus Groups: To a guided or unguided discussion addressing a particular topic of interest with a carefully selected small group. By asking key questions the moderator finds the sentiments of the group and the reasons behind them. q Levels of measurement: a. Nominal: Use of numbers as simple identification of variables. b. Ordinal: Use of rank order to determine differences. c. Interval/Ratio: Assignment of numbers to items as a matter of degree. q Sampling Methods: a. Random: Selection of data such that each event in the population has an equal chance of being selected. b. Non-Random: q Samples: q Population: Philosophy Essays

Argumentative Essay Topics About Prisons

Argumentative Essay Topics About PrisonsArgumentative essay topics about prisons can be interesting, and it is easy to find many reasons for doing so. Perhaps you are concerned about prison-related death. Maybe you are bothered by prisons themselves. Whatever your reason, the topic is a good one for argumentative essay writing.Argumentative essay topics about prisons can touch on a number of important issues, and the key is to write about these topics in a way that is interesting, but also illustrates your points in a clear manner. The topic might involve criminal justice or incarceration issues, the effect of imprisonment on families, or even rehabilitation. When writing the argumentative essay topic about prisons, you will need to identify the problem you want to address and then go from there. The truth is that the topic can be written about in a number of different ways. You should take the time to write about the topic from a variety of angles, allowing you to produce a well-rou nded essay.One of the most common argumentative essay topics about prisons is violence in prisons. You can discuss this in a number of ways, but a good place to start is with the idea that imprisonment is not the answer to all of society's problems. The situation is made worse by overcrowding and other factors, which make the situation even worse. Often, the best solution to solving the problem is to release prisoners, because it creates more space in the prison system, making it easier to accommodate those who really need to be imprisoned.Many people will agree that overcrowding is a huge problem in the prison system. Indeed, overcrowding has gotten so bad that the United States is in danger of becoming the next Greece. However, not all countries have overcrowded prisons. In fact, Europe has come out the other side of its overcrowding problem with some of the largest and best prison systems in the world.Another type of argumentative essay topics about prisons is the subject of fami lies in prison. It might be difficult to find statistics on family breakdown in prisons, but if you try, you will find that families do break up all the time. Families that are forced into incarceration are usually the ones who cannot manage to get their lives back together after incarceration. Even worse, many families are broken up over minor issues that would never have come to the courts' attention, and the courts aren't always fair when dealing with children of incarcerated parents.Those arguments about prisons will sometimes turn into arguments about the effects of incarceration on families, and you may also consider using argumentative essay topics about prison as part of your overall argument. Just keep in mind that family members who go through incarceration do not fit into the category of 'guilty' because they did not do anything wrong. They might have done something wrong, but they did not break the law. It is only after years of being thrown away and neglected that they finally find the strength to make the decision to break the law and change the course of their lives.Finally, you might consider the effect of incarceration on prisons and how to prove this in an argumentative essay topics about prisons. This is a difficult one, but it is a very important one. Consider the fact that prisons are expensive and are not always needed. If money were not a problem, then the government would not be spending so much money imprisoning people. The problem is that the cost of running a prison is too high, and as a result, it must turn people away.Because of this, many people feel the need to argue about the topic of argumentative essay topics about prisons. The fact that there are so many people who feel that this is a worthy topic to argue about is encouraging. There are many places where you can get ideas about arguing about this topic, and they can help you make the best argument possible. Take the time to consider all of the reasons that have been given fo r arguing about this topic, and see which of them sounds best to you.