What Is a Ratio Definition and Examples

Ratios are a helpful tool for comparing things to each other in mathematics and real life, so it is important to know what they mean and how to use them. These descriptions and examples will not only help you to understand ratios and how they function but will also make calculating them manageable no matter what the application. What Is a Ratio? In mathematics, a  ratio is a comparison of two or more numbers that indicates their sizes in relation to each other. A ratio compares two quantities by division, with the dividend or number being divided termed the antecedent and the divisor or number that is dividing termed the consequent. Example: you have polled a group of 20 people and found that 13 of them prefer cake to ice cream and 7 of them prefer ice cream to cake. The ratio to represent this data set would be 13:7, with 13 being the antecedent and 7 the consequent. A ratio might be formatted as a Part to Part or Part to Whole comparison. A Part to Part comparison looks at two individual quantities within a ratio of greater than two numbers, such as the number of dogs to the number of cats in a poll of pet type in an animal clinic. A Part to Whole comparison measures the number of one quantity against the total, such as the number of dogs to the total number of pets in the clinic. Ratios like these are much more common than you might think. Ratios in Daily Life Ratios occur frequently in daily life and help to simplify many of our interactions by putting numbers into perspective. Ratios allow us to measure and express quantities by making them easier to understand. Examples of ratios in life: The car was traveling 60 miles per hour, or 60 miles in 1 hour.You have a 1 in 28,000,000 chance of winning the lottery. Out of every possible scenario, only 1 out of 28,000,000 of them has you winning the lottery.There were enough cookies for every student to have two, or 2 cookies per 78 students.The children outnumbered the adults 3:1, or there were three times as many children as there were adults. How to Write a Ratio There are several different ways to express a ratio. One of the most common is to write a ratio using a colon as a this-to-that comparison such as the children-to-adults example above. Because ratios are simple division problems, they can also be written as a fraction. Some people prefer to express ratios using only words, as in the cookies example. In the context of mathematics, the colon and fraction format are preferred. When comparing more than two quantities, opt for the colon format. For example, if you are preparing a mixture that calls for 1 part oil, 1 part vinegar, and 10 parts water, you could express the ratio of oil to vinegar to water as 1:1:10. Consider the context of the comparison when deciding how best to write your ratio. Simplifying Ratios No matter how a ratio is written, it is important that it be simplified down to the smallest whole numbers possible, just as with any fraction. This can be done by finding the greatest common factor between the numbers and dividing them accordingly. With a ratio comparing 12 to 16, for example, you see that both 12 and 16 can be divided by 4. This simplifies your ratio into 3 to 4, or the quotients you get when you divide 12 and 16 by 4. Your ratio can now be written as: 3:43/43 to 40.75 (a decimal is sometimes permissible, though less commonly used) Practice Calculating Ratios With Two Quantities Practice identifying real-life opportunities for expressing ratios by finding quantities you want to compare. You can then try calculating these ratios and simplifying them into their smallest whole numbers. Below are a few examples of authentic ratios to practice calculating. There are 6 apples in a bowl containing 8 pieces of fruit.What is the ratio of apples to the total amount of fruit? (answer: 6:8, simplified to 3:4)If the two pieces of fruit that are not apples are oranges, what is the ratio of apples to oranges? (answer: 6:2, simplified to 3:1)Dr. Pasture, a rural veterinarian, treats only 2 types of animals—cows and horses. Last week, she treated 12 cows and 16 horses.What is the ratio of cows to horses that she treated? (answer: 12:16, simplified to 3:4. For every 3 cows treated, 4 horses were treated)What is the ratio of cows to the total number of animals that she treated? (answer: 12 16 28, the total number of animals treated. The ratio for cows to total is 12:28, simplified to 3:7. For every 7 animals treated, 3 of them were cows) Practice Calculating Ratios With Greater Than Two Quantities Use the following demographic information about a marching band to complete the following exercises using ratios comparing two or more quantities. Gender 120 boys180 girls Instrument type 160 woodwinds84 percussion56 brass Class 127 freshmen63 sophomores55 juniors55 seniors 1. What is the ratio of boys to girls?  (answer: 2:3) 2. What is the ratio of freshmen to the total number of band members?  (answer: 127:300) 3. What is the ratio of percussion to woodwinds to brass?  (answer: 84:160:56, simplified to 21:40:14) 4. What is the ratio of freshmen to seniors to sophomores?  (answer: 127:55:63. Note: 127 is a prime number and cannot be reduced in this ratio) 5. If 25 students left the woodwind section to join the percussion section, what would be the ratio for the number of woodwind players to percussion?(answer: 160 woodwinds – 25 woodwinds 135 woodwinds;84 percussionists 25 percussionists 109 percussionists. The ratio of the number of players in woodwinds to percussion is 109:135)

Analysis Of Pat Barker s Night - 2568 Words

When people think of war, there first instinct is to think about the physical pain soldiers have gone through, the physical demand of training before and during. What people miss is the mental trauma that affects soldiers during and after the war. In today’s society it is much more acceptable to speak about mental health issues due to the war and we have established a term for it Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We have established many options for soldiers and families who are affected by PTSD. The two books that I am analyzing speak about the idea of mental health or war trauma during World War I and World War II, instead of calling it PTSD the authors call is shell shock, which is close to the definition of PTSD. The two books that I am analyzing is Pat Barker s Regeneration, which is focused on a mental institution and how soldiers deal with shell shock and many other internal struggles. The second is Elie Wiesel’s book Night, which speaks about a family that is taken to a concentration camp and is dealing with the mental trauma that they experience and how they are forced to change the way they think and feel in order to survive. Both touch upon very similar themes when it comes to trauma and survival during and after the war. In Pat Barker’s book Regeneration, he writes in a way that makes you feel a connection with either one or more of the characters in this book. He wants you as the reader to sympathize with each individual who is suffering from physical andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ideologies, Narrative, Stereotypes and Discourses2263 Words   |  10 Pagesknowledge. With Stereotypes the group who creates them has the power and we as the individual re-present the stereotypes as we recognize them (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013). The way discourse works in shaping the individual habitus is evident in channel 10’s program The Biggest Loser. 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Generators Electric Power and Ashe Members Free Essays

[pic] Regulatory Advisory A service to members, advisories are produced whenever there is a significant development that affects the job you do in your community. A Message to ASHE Members: The Joint Commission (JCAHO) is conducting a Field Review of its proposed addition to standard EC. 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Generators: Electric Power and Ashe Members or any similar topic only for you Order Now 40 on the inspection, testing and maintenance of emergency power systems. JCAHO proposes to add a new Element of Performance (EP) requiring annual testing of each emergency generator for four continuous hours, under load. ASHE members are encouraged to take full advantage of this opportunity to: †¢ Provide your input on the actual need for this new requirement, †¢ Comment if this requirement will assure greater reliability, †¢ Inform JCAHO of the specific impact to your facility from implementing this requirement as it is proposed. The Field Review will close on February 20, 2006 Standard EC. 7. 40 – Proposed Element of Performance #5 The [organization] tests each emergency generator at least once every 12 months for a minimum of four continuous hours. This test shall be conducted under a load (dynamic or static) that is at least 30% of the nameplate rating of the generator. The Field Review is being conducted on the JCAHO website at: www. jcaho. org/accredited+organizations/hospitals/standards/field+reviews/ec740_std_fr. htm The notice contains background information that identifies emergency electrical generators as a critical resource for delivery of safe care. The background information further explains that â€Å"Testing generators for sufficient lengths of time increases the likelihood of detecting generator reliability problems and reduces the risk of losing this critical resource when it (is) most needed†. A key question ASHE members should comment on is: As it is written – will the proposed requirement lead to more effective detection of generator reliability problems and in doing so reduce the risk of failure under emergency conditions? † The Field Review is organized to challenge both the premise for and the wording of the proposed standard. The survey questions and ASHE’s guidance on responding to these questions are on pages 2 and 3 of this alert. All answers should be for your specific facility based on your experience. In addition to providing input on whether this standard will meet its intent, you should focus on possible obstacles to complying with this requirement including resources (fuel and labor costs), disruption to services and patient care during the test, and air emission regulatory compliance issues. ASHE urges you to seize this opportunity to comment! Your input is essential to ensure this proposed revision is well thought out and will actually improve system reliability. JCAHO Field Review – Proposed Emergency Power Testing Standards The Field Review is an on-line survey launched from the Field Review web page at: www. jcaho. org/accredited+organizations/hospitals/standards/field+reviews/ec740_std_fr. htm The actual survey is conducted through surveymonkey. com with results compiled for JCAHO. Below are the survey questions with guidance on how to respond to each question 1. Name – this is listed as optional but we suggest you provide your name 2. Organization – again this is optional but we suggest you provide this 3. In which one of the following categories are you primarily responding? – there is a list provided to chose from – in most cases you will select the first choice as being a ‘Joint Commission Accredited Organization’. 4. If you are primarily representing a Joint Commission accredited organization, which one category best describes your role in that organization? similar to the previous question this is a list – most ASHE members will choose ‘Facility Maintenance’, Facility Design’, or ‘Safety Management/Security Management’. 5. For which accredited program are you responding to this field review? – a list is provided of each of the JCAHO programs for which this proposed standard will apply. Please select your primary facility (e. g. Hospital). If you have multiple care settings, please consider filling out a survey for each different type of care setting. 6. Does your organization rely on an emergency generator to provide care, treatment, and services during electrical power outages? Yes/No 7. Would your organization rely on an emergency generator to continue care, treatment, or services for four hours or more during extended electrical power outages? – typically this is Yes unless your program allows for the discontinuation of services and facility evacuation 8. Are the proposed revisions illustrated in â€Å"Element of Performance #5†, understandable or clear to your organization? – this is where the â€Å"rubber hits the road†. Comment on the proposed standard as it is written – don’t read into it what you think it is trying to say. If it is not clear please take the time to comment on what is unclear and/or if there is a better way to clearly state what they want you to do. 9. Regarding â€Å"Element of Performance #5†, is the required frequency for testing emergency generators appropriate? – the real question is – should this be an annual test? The 2005 edition of NFPA 110 – Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems – requires Level 1 EPSS (Emergency Power Supply Systems) to be tested for at least 4 hours, at least once within every 36 months. ASHE members are represented on the technical committee of NFPA 110 along with manufacturers and designers. This technical committee has voted that a 4 hour test, every three years provides adequate assurance of reliable performance. If you agree with NFPA 110 you should select No. 10. If you indicated no, what would be the appropriate frequency of testing? – NFPA 110 requires 36 months (NFPA 110 – 2005, section 8. 4. 9) 11. Do you feel that a load of 30% of the nameplate rating of the generator required in â€Å"Element of Performance #5† would adequately assess the generator’s fueling and cooling systems during the test? NFPA 110 requires the test load to be the EPSS load running at the time of the test. This is to test the ability of the EPSS to deliver the required power to the outlets, lighting, and systems that are on the emergency power system rather then to simulate it with a load. As written, EP 5 could be met through use of a resistive load bank without testing other vital components of the EPSS including transfer switches and paralleling switchgear. This is a fundamental question – will â€Å"cooking† the engine for 4 hours adequately test he fuel and cooling systems and therefore enhance system reliability? Or is should the entire EPSS be tested? If you feel that the entire system should be tested as required by NFPA 110 – 2005, section 8. 4. 9. 1, answer question 11 as No and list your reasons in the provided space for comment. 12. Would the proposed revisions in â€Å"Element of Performance #5† be burdensome for your organization? – ASHE recommends that you discuss this issue with your administration and safety committee to fully identify all the implications of performing this test annually. Issues to discuss include additional resources (fuel consumption and labor to conduct the test), increased amounts of air emissions from the test (state or regional clean air regulations), and disruption to services during the test such as computer based systems on emergency power, lighting, transportation systems, and ventilation systems. Organizations that have experienced any difficulty in scheduling and performing the currently required monthly tests must ensure that all stakeholders are fully informed and supportive of the scheduling and performance of this proposed 4 hour test. 3. If â€Å"Element of Performance #5† became effective immediately, how long would it take for your organization to be in compliance? – this question only allows one of four responses, with a maximum of 12 months. Your response should be informed by the discussion from question 12. If you feel that none of the listed time frames are adequate, utilize the â€Å"additional comments† a rea at the end of the survey to discuss the compliance timeframe 14. Would your organization utilize outside sources to perform this test required by â€Å"Element of Performance #5†? For example, would your organization need to utilize a load bank to meet the 30% test load requirement? ) – Consider if you have the available staff, the available expertise on staff, and/or the available current load to perform this test without taking on additional outside expenses. If you anticipate additional expenses, provide a ‘best-guess’ of that cost. For questions or comments contact Dale Woodin at dwoodin@aha. org or 312-422-3812 https://www. premierinc. com/safety/safety-share/05-06-downloads/11-ashe-fda-bed-rail-entrapment-05-06. pdf How to cite Generators: Electric Power and Ashe Members, Papers

E Commerce free essay sample

Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transactions life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. The term electronic commerce was invented in 1983 by then-California State Assembly telecom-policy analysts Robert Jacobson and John Statton. The pair in 1981 had authored Access Rights to the Electronic Marketplace, a report to the Speakers Office of Research, to make the case for formally legislating aspects of the nascent industry. It needed a name. So Jacobson and Statton cobbled together the terms electronic and commerce used to define the legislative domain of the Utilities Commerce Committee, for which the two consultants worked. We will write a custom essay sample on E Commerce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1983, at an historic hearing of the Utilities Commerce Committee chaired by then-Assemblywoman Gwen Moore (D-L. A. and held in the rural town of Volcano, California (home to Volcano Telephone, then the most-advanced independent phone company in California), the term electronic commerce was introduced for the first time. Testifying at the hearing were the California Public Utilities Commission, MCI Mail, CompuServe, Prodigy, Volcano Telephone Co. , and Pacific Telesis. (A small startup, Quantum Technologies, also asked to testify, but was refused. It later became AOL. ) In 1984, Californias Electronic Commerce Act, the first to deal with consumer rights online, was passed and signed into law. E-commerce can be divided into: E-tailing or virtual storefronts on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a virtual mall The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospective and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling The security of business transactions

Atomic Bomb Essays (3313 words) - Manhattan Project, Code Names

Atomic Bomb Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged by Hungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and Edward Teller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purify Uranium-235 which might be used to build an atomic bomb. Shortly after that the United States Government began work on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effort to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. "The first successful experiments in splitting a uranium atom had been carried out in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin"(Groueff 9) just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the race was on. Major General Wilhelm D. Styer called the Manhattan Project "the most important job in the war . . . an all-out effort to build an atomic bomb."(Groueff 5) It turned out to be the biggest development in warfare and science's biggest development this century. The mos t complicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on the Manhattan Project was "the production of ample amounts of 'enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction."(Outlaw 2) At the time, Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about 1/500 th of it ended up as Uranium metal. Of the Uranium metal, "the fissionable isotope of Uranium (Uranium- 235) is relatively rare, occurring in Uranium at a ratio of 1 to 139."(Szasz 15) Separating the one part Uranium-235 from the 139 parts Uranium-238 proved to be a challenge. "No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238."(2) Scientists at Columbia University solved this difficult problem. A "massive enrichment laboratory/plant"(Outlaw 2) was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey, his associates, and colleagues at Columbia University designed a system that "worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion."(2) After this proc ess was completed, "Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes."(2) Finally, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. The Uranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than the Uranium-235. "In this manner uranium-235 was enriched from its normal 0.7% to weapons grade of more than 90%."(Grolier 5) This Uranium was then transported to "the Los Alamos, N. Mex., laboratory headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer."(Grolier 5) "Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion."(Outlaw 3) Once the purified Uranium reached New Mexico, it was made into the components of a gun-type atomic weapon. "Two pieces of U-235, individu ally not large enough to sustain a chain reaction, were brought together rapidly in a gun barrel to form a supercritical mass that exploded instantaneously."(Grolier 5) "It was originally nicknamed 'Thin Man'(after Roosevelt, but later renamed 'Little Boy' (for nobody) when technical changes shortened the proposed gun barrel."(Szasz 25) The scientists were so confident that the gun-type atomic bomb would work "no test was conducted, and it was first employed in military action over Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945."(Grolier 5) Before the Uranium-235 "Little Boy" bomb had been developed to the "point of seeming assured of success,"(Grolier 5) another bomb was proposed. The Uranium-238 that had been earlier ruled out as an option was being looked at. It could capture a free neutron without fissioning and become Uranium-239. "But the Uranium-239 thus produced is unstable (radioactive) and decays first to neptunium-239 and then to plutonium-239."(Grolier 5) This proved to be useful bec ause the newly created plutonium-239 is fissionable and it can "be separated from uranium by chemical techniques,"(6) which would be far simpler than the physical processes to separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. Once again the University of Chicago, under Enrico Fermi's direction built the first reactor. "This led to the construction of five large reactors at Hanford, Wash., where U-238 was irradiated with neutrons and transmuted into plutonium."(6) The plutonium was sent

Detailed statistics summary Essay

Detailed statistics summary Essay Detailed statistics summary Essay Topic 1 detailed statistics Global economy Global economic growth rate Recent - 2013 3.0% (Jan 2014, IMF) Forecast - 2014 3.7% (Jan 2014, IMF) GFC - 2009 –0.6% Average 2003-2008 5% Advanced economies growth rate Forecast 2013 1.3% (Jan 2014, IMF) Forecast 2014 2.2% (Jan 2014, IMF) GFC – 2009 –3.2% Trade World trade is 50 times its 1950 level (2011) GFC caused a 2% fall in world trade Financial flows More than 95% of foreign exchange transactions are estimated to be for speculation Investment & TNCs TNCs are believed to account for 10% of GWP FDI flows have risen by almost 100 times since 1970 despite falling since GFC (2010 $1.2tr 2970 $13b) Technology ICT trade is estimated to be worth $4tr (2011) Global labour markets However 3% of world’s population have migrated to work (World Bank, 2010) 60% of these to advanced economies International division of labour Whilst the iphone is assembled in China (3.6% of production costs) and only 6% of production costs are incurred in USA, Japan contributes 34%. GNI per capita PPP (World Bank 2012) Australia US$43,000 (Rank 11) China US$9,000 (Rank 92) Congo DR US$370 (Rank 180) Millenium Development Goals The global poverty rate at $1.25 a day fell in 2010 to less than half the 1990 rate. 700 million fewer people lived in conditions of extreme poverty in 2010 than in 1990. However, at the global level 1.2 billion people are still living in extreme poverty. Most of improvement is from China HDI (World Bank 2012) Australia 0.938 (Rank 2, 2012) China 0.699 (Rank 101) Congo DR 0.304 (Rank 186) China Economic growth Recent - 2013 7.7% (Jan 2014, IMF) Forecast - 2013 7.5% (Jan 2014, IMF) GFC - 2009 7% Fiscal stimulus resulted in recovery from GFC with 9–12% growth Ave. real GDP growth almost 11.6% for 3 decades (1990-2010_ Components of economic growth C: high household savings rate (38%) and low consumption (35%) I: FDI US$185.1b (2010) from US$3.5b (1990), $0 (1978) I: Investment 48% of GDP (2010) from 26% (1990) X: Trade 30% of GDP (2010) from 10% (1978) X/I: TNCs 54% of total exports X: 65% of growth in exports is from Western countries M: Average tariff rate 10% (2010) from 32% (1990) G: SOEs 29% of GDP (2002) from 50% (1990) AS: Agriculture 10% of GDP (2010) from 27% (1990) AS: Increase in agricultural output 61% 1974 to 1984 AS: Labour productivity growth 8.8%pa (2008-2010) HDI HDI 0.404 (1980) to 0.699 (2012) GNI per capita growth 8% for three decades (1990-2010) Life expectancy 73.5 (2011) from 67 (1980) Schooling 7.5yrs (2011) from 3.7yrs (1980) Healthcare spending approx 3% of GDP (Aus 6%) Education spending approx 2.5% of GDP (Aus 4.7%) Absolute poverty 60% (1990) to 13% (2008) Working poor 10% (2011) from approx 30% (2000) Inequality 10% increase since 1990 Gini coefficient 0.474 (2012) Unofficial estimates as high as 0.6 Environment China accounts for 23.5% of global CO2 emissions (Aus 1.3%) Emissions 7.2t/per capita (Aus 16t/per capita) Total cost to of environmental damage 8.9% of GDP Health costs of air and water pollution 4.3% of GDP Challenges IMF estimates 10 fold increase in GDP if State Owned Enterprises privatised and exposed to competition State owned banks dominate (98% of banks are SOEs) and 75% of lending is to SOEs High household savings rate (38%) and low consumption (35%) compared to advanced economies (Aus/USA 70%) Topic 2 detailed statistics Trade direction and composition Change in direction of exports Europe 1950s 62% of exports Asia 2012 almost 80% of exports Australia’s exports to China Current 25% of total exports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1984) 3.6% Australia’s imports from China Current 15% of total imports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1984) 1.3% Mining exports Current 65% of total exports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1981) 29% Agricultural exports Current 11% of total exports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1981) 38% Services exports (tourism & education) Current 17% Historical (1981) 17% Manufacturing imports

You Decide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

You Decide - Assignment Example This will help to ease the inflationary pressure in the economy, which will reduce aggregate demand. I also agree with Tanney’s recommendation about increasing interest rates and raising the Federal Reserve requirements, since it will help in reducing borrowing rates. This policy will make it more attractive for investors to save their money, since the interest rates are high, which reduce disposable income (Epstein, 2007). In the same case, I disagree with Lopez’s proposition that the government should leave interest rates alone and focus on Federal Reserve requirements. In my opinion, the two factors go together in reducing inflation. I also disagree with Burke’s recommendation that the government should lower interest rates, since it will have a negative effect on the inflation being witnessed. Finally, I would make a recommendation the government should introduce some form of wage control policies, since a sharp growth in wages causes increased inflation (Krugman and Wells, 2009). In this case, the government should focus on wage control which will ensure that the inflation rate is

Wendy's Franchise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wendy's Franchise - Essay Example Researchers have pointed out that the impact of the fast-food restaurant on the society is much greater and therefore the evolving competitive environment is determined by the degree of operational freedom that these franchisees have in adding side dishes to the main menu and so on (Watson, Kirby, & Egan, 2002). This trend has been particularly marked during the last decade from 1999 to 2009. Wendy’s has acquired a reputation for openly encouraging its franchisees to be innovative. Modern fast food restaurants that consider making entry into a franchising business would have to adopt a strategy that would enable it to achieve intended results. There are a number of such options available to fast food restaurants such as those direct entry methods, e.g. export buying agency or a trading company and indirect entry methods, e.g. intermediate entry modes such as licensing and franchising. It’s also desirable to go for a hierarchical arrangement like a merger, an acquisition or a wholly owned subsidiary. Franchising can be defined as â€Å"A form of business organization in which a firm which already has a successful product or service (the franchisor) enters into a continuing contractual relationship with other businesses (franchisees) operating under the franchisors trade name and usually with the franchisors guidance, in exchange for a fee†. It is a business model for anyone who wants to start up a business that they don’t have an established business idea. Thus franchising has been in existence in over 70 countries worldwide with the sales of US$ 1 trillion (Sadi, 1997). In fact franchisee could be able to run a business under the particular brand name with the cooperation of a franchisor. When it comes to Wendy’s/Arby’s fast food franchise in the USA it can be considered as one of the constantly growing combined

Parent-Adolescent Relationships. Piaget's Cognitive Development Essay

Parent-Adolescent Relationships. Piaget's Cognitive Development - Essay Example From this it can be concluded that both an understanding of the process of human development psychologically and also socially is required for a fair and balanced scientific analysis or consensus on the process. Mead’s theory compliments Piaget’s by adding a perspective of interpretation based in the social role of the individual and not only the mental processes of psychological development. The process of individualization occurs with the a priori of formal operational thought and through this process an unconscious awareness of the difference between the body-self and environment is conditioned in infancy through exploration. The trial and error process that characterizes environment exploration, operant conditioning, and memory is variable in the family or community environment, but the social role and operational ability represents a further level of complexity residing in the learned rules and codes of conduct of the social conditioning rather than the environment al exploration period. The Me-I dialectic reflects the epistemological function in human development when the self is seen as forming or becoming defined through knowledge verification. Epistemology is also used in self-knowledge valuation when it is applied to social roles by the individual in the adolescent experience or young adulthood particularly, as this is when the widest range of community exploration will occur as the individual seeks for definition in social roles. Social Intelligence refers to different aspects of the community, group, or personal relationships of an individual such as awareness of the symbolic base and logic of a culture, subtle gestures, habits, expectations, or linguistic accents, etc. The majority of these are transmitted as language but differ from alphabetic speech and formal grammar so that there may be multiple languages related to social role identities. Understanding the interplay of the symbolic, subliminal, informal, and cultural languages, as well as their modes of operation, is an aspect of semiotic interpretation. Social Intelligence is different than semiotic interpretation as it relates to the community, group, and individual and the complexity of language, meaning, and interpretation as reflected in human individuality in operant behavior. Vygotsky’s contribution is to recognize how the social definitions also evolve over time and change, as well as to illustrate how different social and community environments and groups differ in complexity of organization. Essay #2 - Ultimately, individuals must enter the larger society, using what they've learned about the world and their place in it. Explain how an individual can cognitively move from self-centered child to an adolescent who is able to 1) maintain social relationships and 2) use those relationships to further develop. Feel free to use your own development for examples if you wish. In human development, the exploration of the natural

Political Systems of Tribes

Political Systems of Tribes The importance of a tribe as a political system and its reluctance to subdue to the state efforts to erase it INTRODUCTION The tribe is an important political system that existed in the world mainly in the area of the Middle East. The Rwala and the Pathans are two examples of existing tribes that play a major role in the area in which they are located, proved by the fact that their tribal system coexist within the states boundary. The two tribes not only do they exit in one country but they maintain their existence within different countries. Due to their geographical location in which the two tribes live, the border zone, each country left them alone with their political system without interference from the central government. The Rwala have good relations within the countries they lived in its borders with the exception of Iraq, while the Pathans were free from state control until recently, when the US invaded Afghanistan and pressured Pakistan to take control of the tribal areas of Pakistan as they harbor Taliban. Why does the tribal political system still exist in the era of the Westphalian state sys tem? And why are the tribes resilient towards the state actions to take control of their area? These are the questions that this research paper is going to investigate. The research paper is divided into three parts. The first one is devoted to giving background information about the two tribes of Pathans and Rwala. The second part explores the reasons behind the strength of the tribes and the last part probes the reasons behind the reluctance of tribes towards the policies of the state to detribalize them. Background Information about the Rawala and the Pathans In order to understand the reasons behind the coexistence of the tribe as a political system with the current political system of the state, a basic definition for the tribe in needed. The tribe is: a notional form of human social organization based on a set of smaller groups having temporary or permanent political integration, and defined by traditions of common descent, language, culture, and ideology.[1] The members of a tribe share many characteristic with each other that make them similar and the most important one is common descent which denotes having relation to the family of the prophet, his companions or his tribe Quraish. For a tribe to legitimize its rule and survive it must trace its geology to the prophet. Any connection to the prophet or his surroundings serves as the basic instrument to justify the rule of the tribe. This can be both true and fictive, for instance many Berber tribes in Northern Africa changed their names from Berber to Arabic to point to their relatio ns to the prophet. While in the Ottomans were using such names as Ali and Hussein to justify their rule of Islamic empire to the extent that in any mosque in Turkey the name Hussein and Ali are engraved which make people to mistake the mosque for a Shiite one, which is not. Without lineage to the prophet, the tribe will lose ground and cannot legitimate its power within its population, therefore honor lies in lineage. The tribe exists because its members insure its existence by following a particular code that serves as the base of order and law. This code might change from one tribe to another but the basic idea is that the code insures that each member of the tribe is abiding by the customs of the tribe; this is done through the participation of individuals in decision-makings that are done through consensus. For instance, the tribal code within the Rwala is very different from the Islamic law to the extent that when a case involves a man and a women the tribal court tend to favor women, while among the Pathans the tribal code Pukhtunwali tend to be influenced by Islamic law to the extent that both the tribal law and Islamic law are two face of one coin. The Rwala are a tribe that is divided into five sections: the Murath, the Doghman, the Ga`adza`a, the Frejje and the Kwatzbe[2] that live in the border zone of four countries: Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Iraq. While the Pathans are a tribe that live in both Afghanistan and Pakistan, particularly in the border zone between the two countries, both the Pathans that live in Afghanistan and those that live in Pakistan do not recognizes the physical border and regard themselves as one united tribe. For example, whenever their fellow tribes are in trouble they immediately help them as it is shown in the movie, the Pathans Disappearing World, the Pakistani Pathans gathered to help their fellow Pathans in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion, and one of the Pathans justified this act as helping their brother in time of need. This sense of brotherhood is not only present among Pathans but also among the Rwala, this help is a responsibility that each person in tribe is required to fulfill for his family members, this responsibility is not obligatory. For example, a person may refuse to help his uncle and be scot-free; however his reputation is going to be tarnished. The Political Importance of the Tribe The political importance of the tribe lies in the way of life of tribal people which values consensus, solidarity, reputation and revenge. There is no person with utmost authority in the tribe nor is power hereditary. Each tribe has a chief but this chief cannot oblige his tribe to do certain actions without going through consensus, as every person in the tribe has a right to express an opinion over matter that concerns the tribe. This need for consensus among tribal people makes it hard for any state to control the tribe or influence it, because when the tribes perceive its chief as being a government agent or accepting bribes from government his reputation will be unsavory and will the population will elect a new chief; and even when tribes are being outstripped of their heads, they still remain intact. Reputation is in an important aspect of tribal people because chiefs cannot coerce or compel his population; however the only political force available to him is to influence decisi on making. And in order for a chief to influence his population he needs four factors: good information, the ability to give good advice, a reputation for sound counsel and an audience to influence,[3] the sources of reputation for the Rwala come from Lineage, honor, raiding, generosity, bravery, hospitality. Besides, the fact of having a consensus in which every individuals opinion is valued which makes it hard to reach a unified view about any matter, to the extent that the tribe is being under the tyranny of the minority. The consensus involves major issues such as helping those who are at war or a very small matter such as a domestic scuffle between a father and his son. In the movie, the Jirga, the body responsible for making consensus among the Pathans, gather to make his opinion about the father that complained about his son not paying him enough. The result of the consensus was interesting because even though the son did not like the decision, in the end he subdue to the dec ision of the Jirga by kissing the white bribe of his father. The Islamic influence helps to explain the decision made by the Jurga as parents are giving special status in Islamic law. The absence of a central power in the tribal structure makes it hard to control the tribe because no individual has political power, no group has political power and no family has political power; power is restricted to the workings of public opinion. Even public opinion has no formal coercive power; co-operation can be withdrawn and that is all.[4] The tribal population does have loyalties to their tribe but not to the state, because the state is a resented system by the both Pathans and Rwala for one reason: it interferes in their lifestyle and tribal people do not like to be interfered with. Even when the tribal population exerts loyalty to a particular state it does so with the idea of paying tribute to the ruling family and not to the state itself. For instance, the Rwala members who are in the soil of Saudi Arabia pledge their loyalty outside the tribe to the family of Al Saud and not the state of Saudi Arabia.[5] Solidarity is another aspect that explains the strength of the tribe. Each member of the tribe is responsible for his family members and the tribe is responsible for its members. This solidarity does not only involve crucial issues but also mundane and quotidian ones like re-sewing a tents, as it is stated by William Lancaster: resewing a tent is a good example of how co-operation is achievedit would be a formidable task for one or two people, but it is always a co-operative effort.[6] This presence of solidarity does not mean that tribal people do not have problems or that they do not create troubles between themselves, problems and disagreements exist within tribes. However, the ways problems are resolved differ in a way that they are resolved but not to the extent of requiring interference outside the tribe. Because the tribe needs always to show strength and that its members are not divided, as it is pointed by William Lancaster The struggle between the two brothers for the smugg ling franchise was resolved, on the surface at least, by the need to present a united face towards intervention.[7] Revenge is an important characteristic of the tribe; this vindictiveness is allowed when a person from the tribe is killed. Therefore his family members have the duty to take his revenge not necessarily by killing the culprit but by killing any member of the family or the tribe of the culprit. Nobody can stop revenge or prevent the killing from taking place, unless the family of the bereaved accepted a financial retribution for the death of her family member.[8] The revenge process involves a cycle that is hard to stop without blood to the extent that the reason behind the feud might be forgotten. As it is pointed out by William Lancaster: the Mu`abhil have been involved in a single feud for fifteen twenty years. It started with a row over a camel or a sheep, no one can remember A Mu`abhil killed a Sabih. A settlement was arranged and the Mu`abhil paid about forty-five camels in compensation.[9] However, the problem did not completely end because the dead man left a son who was 4-ye ar old at the time of the compensation deal and when he grew up he demanded for his share that the Mu`abhil refused to pay due to the rising prices of camel. Revenge is best understood that none of the tribes members blood is cheap and that killing its population will involve a long fight before being it resolved. The tribes are reluctant to follow the bureaucracy of the state by going to civil courts to get their right as it will take time and probably the ruling will not be something they expected. Therefore, they prefer to take revenge instead. This is another reason which makes the state unattractive to the tribal population. The Reasons behind the Failure of the State in Subduing Tribes One of the reasons behind the reluctance of tribes to be urbanized and fall under the rule of the state lies in its distrust of interference. While the Rwala and Pathan both welcome new ideas they, however, dislike any change exerted by force. According to William Lancaster changed imposed from outside is another matter and they will resist it bitterly, not because its imposition does not allow them to react and partake in accordance with other factors.[10] The same thing goes for the Pathans, the United States of America is influencing Pakistan to get hold of the areas where Pathans live. However, the Pathans are not willing to subdue because they do not like any change to be imposed on them from the outside.[11] The two tribes of Rwala and Pathans both live in very sensitive areas to the extent that countries do not try to impose state rule their areas and allow them have their tribal law, not because both Jordan and Pakistan (before the US-Afghan war) are not able to destroy them but because simply suppressing them is not worth it; it would just bring more troubles than benefits. Furthermore, both tribes have relations with the states they live in. For instance, the Rwala maintain good relations with Saudi Arabia through marriage relations to the family of Al Saud while in Syria they are representatives in the parliament, therefore serving the interest of their tribe. Regarding the Pathans, the current present of Afghanistan Hamid Karazai is Pathan from the Durrani section. The economic autonomy of the tribal people is also one of the reasons that give a state a hard time when dealing with tribes. Especially as the means used by tribes are not illegal. For instance, the livelihood of many Rwala Population lies on smuggling which works well for the tribe as it is situated in a border area. Although this smuggling is much resented by states such as Jordan, it is tolerated for two reasons. First, the state gives certain autonomy as long as they patrol the border. Second, even smuggling can be beneficial to countries such Iraq during the Gulf War where the embargo prevented its population from getting its basic needs such as tires, while Saudi Arabia gets fruits from Styria in return for cars. As it is discussed above revenge is an important aspect that defines a tribe, it is one of the most misunderstood terms about the tribes, because revenge does not necessitate the killing the person who committed the murder. But killing anybody from his family, tribe or country is sufficient to quench the need for revenge. When Americans bomb areas in Waziristan and Swat Valley and kill many people, the Pathans feel the need to take revenge for the killings of their family members by killing any American soldier that they come across, and this revenge cycle is hard to stop as long as any person dead requires a revenge, save in case the family accepts a financial retribution. Other options of detribalizing the tribes lies on either urbanizing them or make them kill each other but then the questions rise of whether it is worth it and who will patrol the border in case of the border zone between Jordan, Syria , Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The British tried to introduce education in the Pathan tribal areas but they failed and so did the Pakistani government which succeeded in just including Pakistani national anthems in schools. However, the Pathans were keen on not letting the central government make them dependent on their education and health system. The Pathans revere the Islamic law which is the cornerstone of Pukhtunwali and want to maintain their autonomy health by basing it on the prophet`s medicine practices through herb and Koran. Conclusion The tribe is a political system that has survived within the epoch of the nation -state. The social equality and the political importance that the tribe gives to its individual make the tribe a powerful entity that proved to be hard for states to erase. Tribal people are proud of their tribe due to their lineage to the prophet and cherish the qualities of solidarity, reputation, hospitality, and honor in addition to revenge. The failure of understanding the tribal traits makes it hard to suppress them let alone communicate with them. For instance, the reason why the Taliban refused to turn in Osama Bin Laden to the US is rooted in the fact that he was a guest, therefore turning him in is a transgression of one of the components of their Pukhtunwali: hospitality. And going further to suppressing them through military actions will just exacerbate matters as the American do not understand how revenge is dealt with, which would make any person with an American military uniform a revenge target. Bibiliography Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today(Second Edition). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1981. Summer, Andrew, Director. The Pathans Disappearing World. Akbar, Ahmed anthropologist, Discovery Channel, 1988. tribe. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010 .

Child Development Essay -- Psychology, Locke, Rousseau, Piaget, Watson

There have been many visionaries that have developed theoretical frameworks which give a basic, general approach to understanding the ways in which children develop. Doherty and Hughes (2009) recall that early childhood progression is most commonly presented in terms of specific periods of time. Therefore, this tends to relate to the idea of fixed and limited stages that are strongly linked with chronological age, moreover, providing a very specific ordering of change. The most frequently identified periods of development are prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, later childhood and adolescence. Generalised theories on child development came about in the 17th century, with John Locke’s ‘Some Thoughts Concerning Education’ (1693) forming a foundation where a child was born as a â€Å"blank slate.† Contrastingly, Jean- Jacques Rousseau’s ‘Emile’ (1762) explored the idea that children were born with a sense of morality. These two theorists provide the origins of generalised development, meaning that within these theories, children develop in the same way. However, using Gewirtz and Pelaez-Nogueras’ (1992) criteria for evaluating theories, generalised theories do not take account for individual differences that exist as children grow and develop. Thus, it could be suggested that these broad patterns are not likely to be very helpful. Behaviourism, on the other hand, asserts that development of the individual can be achieved through observation of, and experiences in, the environment. It stipulates that development has to be based on observations rather than speculations about cognitive processes, which are by their nature unobservable. One early proponent of this theory was John Watson, who, in 1913, published a paper ... ...t reflects slow and steady change over time, or it goes through distinctly defined stages. Arguably, development should be considered as being largely continuous but having certain stages characterised by ‘milestone’ stages such as beginning to walk, where this new skill is clearly different from the child’s previous abilities. The development within early childhood can be seen to be due to many factors that have some clear effects upon some aspect of their progression, such as diverse environments and social settings. Every child experiences a unique combination of genetic and environmental influences that show how children have their own distinctive abilities, suggesting that generalised patterns are not very helpful indicators in considering the development of an individual child except as a loose framework within which to child’s development can be monitored.

Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason from “Jane Eyre” Essay

I bent forward: first surprise, then bewilderment, came over methis was not Sophie, it was not Leah The shape standing before me had never crossed my eyes within the precincts of Thornfield Hall beforeIts seemed, sir, a woman, tall and largeIt was a discoloured face—it was a savage face. I wish I could forget the roll of the red eyesthe lips were swelled and darkShall I tell you of what it reminded me? †¦the vampire. If a person were to read this quote for the first time, his instinct would be of a stereotypical mystery or even horror book. But in fact, this comes from Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Bronte, with a plot nothing like what one might think from this passage. This shows that no matter what the plot of story is; in this case two peoples journey to find love, there is some mystery that keeps the reader guessing. Jane experiences several of Berthas crazy escapes from the attic, but is completely unaware of who or what she is. This lack of knowledge of Janes brings in a sense of suspense and terror to the plot. Without this fear that Berthas character creates in Janes life, the story would just be another tale of love. Jane becomes more curious about the mystery hidden deep in Thornfield Hall and begins to think the person causing the mayhem is Grace Poole. The dread of Bertha produces a dark cloud over Thornfield, symbolizing the secrets kept by its residents, specifically Mr. Rochester. Bertha is a metaphor for Janes subconscious feeling of rage. Jane loves Rochester, but she still fears the binds that the marriage will bring. Jane never acts out on this anger or fear, but Bertha does. Bertha ripping Janes wedding veil symbolizes a secret feeling of Janes that the marriage should not go on. Jane leaves Thornfield, feeling it is now a place of imprisonment or inferiority. While she is away, Bertha burns down Thornfield, expressing what Jane could only feel and not carry out. Bertha is also an antithesis with Jane. They are compared to show the contrast of both. Before the reader even know who Bertha is, it is clear the she has savage-like qualities that bring out Janes righteousness and kindness. This gives the reader more understanding into Janes character. As the story continues and Rochesters past containing Bertha is identified,  similarities between Jane and Bertha are observed. They are both symbols of the socially imprisoned Victorian women. One example is their unattractiveness in the Victorian era. Bertha becomes ugly from her insanity, showing that women, including Jane, were somehow confined due to their lack of beauty. The presence of Bertha Mason in the plot strengthens the readers desire to keep reading and discover who the vampire is. Berthas mystery also strengthens Janes and Rochesters relationship and creates a perfect climax to one of the most read stories of the nineteenth century.

Black History Month and Lesser Known African-Americans

Black History Month and Lesser Known African-Americans The term little known black Americans can refer to all the people who have made contributions to America and to civilization, but whose names are not as well-known as many others or not known at all. For instance, we hear about Martin Luther King Jr., George Washington Carver, Sojourner Truth, Rosa Parks, and many other famous Black Americans, but what have you heard about Edward Bouchet, or Bessie Coleman, or Matthew Alexander Henson? Black Americans have been making contributions to America from the start, but like countless other Americans whose achievements have altered and enriched our lives, these Black Americans remain unknown. Its important, though, to point out their contributions because too often people dont realize that Black Americans have been making contributions to our country from its inception. In many cases, what they accomplished they managed to do against all odds, in spite of overwhelming obstacles. These people are an inspiration to everyone who finds him or herself in circumstances that seem impossible to overcome. Early Contributions In 1607, English settlers arrived in what would later become Virginia and founded a settlement they named Jamestown. In 1619, a Dutch ship arrived in Jamestown and traded its cargo of slaves for food. Many of these slaves later were freemen with their own land, contributing to the success of the colony. We do know some of their names, like Anthony Johnson, and its a pretty interesting story. But Africans were involved in more than settling Jamestown. Some were part of the early explorations of the New World. For example, Estevanico, a slave from Morocco, was part of a group who had been asked by the Mexican Viceroy in 1536 to go on an expedition into the territories that are now Arizona and New Mexico. He went ahead of the groups leader and was the first non-native to set foot in those lands. While most Blacks originally arrived in America primarily as slaves, many were free by the time the Revolutionary War was fought. One of these was Crispus Attucks, the son of a slave. Most of them, though, like so many who fought in that war, remain relatively nameless to us. But anyone who thinks that it was only the white man who chose to fight for the principle of individual freedom might want to take a look at the Forgotten Patriots Project from the DAR (Daughters of the American Revolution). They have documented the names of thousands of African-Americans, Native Americans, and those of mixed heritage who fought against the British for freedom. Not-So-Famous Black Americans You Should Know George Washington Carver (1864-1943)Carver is a well-known African-American. Who isnt aware of his work with peanuts? Hes on this list, though, because of one of his contributions that we dont often hear about: The Tuskegee Institute Movable School. Carver established this school to introduce modern agricultural techniques and tools to farmers in Alabama. Movable schools are now used around the world.Edward Bouchet (1852-1918)Bouchet was the son of a former slave who had moved to New Haven, Connecticut. Only three schools there accepted Black students at the time, so Bouchets educational opportunities were limited. However, he managed to get admitted to Yale and became the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. and the 6th American of any race to earn one in physics. Although segregation prevented him from attaining the kind of position he should have been able to get with his outstanding credentials (6th in his graduating class), he taught for 26 years at the Institute for Colored Y outh, serving as an inspiration to generations of young African-Americans. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (1745?-1818)DuSable was a Black man from Haiti is who is credited with founding Chicago. His father was a Frenchman in Haiti and his mother was an African slave. Its not clear how he arrived in New Orleans from Haiti, but once he did, he traveled from there to what is now modern-day Peoria, Illinois. Although he was not the first to pass through the area, he was the first to establish a permanent settlement, where he lived for at least twenty years. He set up a trading post on the Chicago River, where it meets Lake Michigan, and became a wealthy man with a reputation as a man of good character and sound business acumen.Matthew Alexander Henson (1866-1955)Henson was the son of free-born tenant farmers, but his early life was difficult. He started his life as an explorer at the age of eleven when he ran away from an abusive home. In 1891, Henson went with Robert Peary on the first of several trips to Greenland. Peary was determined to find the geographic No rth Pole. In 1909, Peary and Henson went on what was to be their final trip, the one on which they reached the North Pole. Henson was actually the first to set foot on the North Pole, but when the two returned home, it was Peary who received all the credit. Because he was Black, Henson was virtually ignored. Bessie Coleman (1892 -1926)Bessie Coleman was one of 13 children born to a Native American father and an African-American mother. They lived in Texas and faced the kinds of difficulties many Black Americans faced at the time, including segregation and disenfranchisement. Bessie worked hard in her childhood, picking cotton and helping her mother with the laundry she took in. But Bessie didnt let any of it stop her. She educated herself and managed to graduate from high school. After seeing some newsreels on aviation, Bessie became interested in becoming a pilot, but no U.S flight schools would accept her because she was Black and because she was female. Undeterred, she saved enough money to go to France where she heard women could be pilots. In 1921, she became the first Black woman in the world to earn a pilots license.Lewis Latimer (1848-1928)Latimer was the son of runaway slaves who had settled in Chelsea, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Navy during the Civil War, Latimer got a job as an office boy in a patent office. Because of his ability to draw, he became a draftsman, eventually getting promoted to be the head draftsman. Although he has a large number of inventions to his name, including a safety elevator, perhaps his greatest achievement is his work on the electric light bulb. We can thank him for the success of Edisons lightbulb, which originally had a lifespan of just a few days. It was Latimer who found a way to create a filament system that prevented the carbon in the filament from breaking, thereby extending the life of the lightbulb. Thanks to Latimer, lightbulbs became cheaper and more efficient, which made it possible for them to be installed in homes and on the ​streets. Latimer was the only Black American on Edisons elite team of inventors. What we  love about the biographies of these six people is that not only did they have exceptional talent, but they did not allow the circumstances of their birth to determine who they were or what they could accomplish. That is certainly a lesson for all of us.

Drugs in My Neighborhood

Drugs in My Neighborhood The suppression of Drug abuse is arguably one of the most pressing concerns of governments and communities all over the world. In United States, the number of people involved in drug abuse is constantly rising at an alarming rate. The mere existence of such habits in America is shocking since its states are characterized by having elaborate law enforcement, above average education and healthcare systems which are in place to ensure that majority of the population have access to these social amenities when they need them. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Drugs in My Neighborhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the inequitable distribution and inefficiency of such facilities has contributed highly to the moral decadence being experienced in most parts of America. In a bid to explore the various impacts that are brought about by drug abuse, I took it upon myself to investigate the various aspects that could have contributed to drug abuse in my neighborhood (Flushing, New York). The data utilized in this research is quantitative in nature and I collected it through various interviews that I carried out in different parts of the neighborhood. The questions asked during the interviews were formulated in such a way that they could help establish the reasons as to how the targeted participants got caught up in drug abuse, why they did it, the effects that developed from their habits and how they managed to recover from their addiction. This paper shall therefore bring to light the causes and effects of drug abuse in Flushing, New York as portrayed through the interviews. The underlying factors that have contributed to this vice shall be uncovered and recommendations on possible solutions offered. My neighborhood Flushing is among the largest neighborhoods in New York City. Founded in 1645, the neighborhood has grown and today, it is the most diversified area in New York. As such, i t is home to numerous people with different ethnical backgrounds. It is well maintained and has all the necessary social amenities such as schools, hospitals and recreational centers. However, just like any other neighborhood, Flushing is characterized by incidences of crime, gang related feuds, drug abuse and gross misconduct especially among the youth. These immoral attributes makes this neighborhood a force to reckon with. Drug abuse in Flushing Drug abuse in Flushing is relatively high due to the large number of people living within the neighborhood. Most of the people living in the area lead an average life with little to no money to spend. Unemployment rates are high especially among the Youth and low incomes are common in a considerable percentage of the people who dwell in this constituency. Siegel Welsh (2008) reiterates that the constant use of drugs have been linked to psychological factors that affect the individuals. Advertising Looking for research paper on h ealth medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These factors include: stress, depression and anxiety. The fact that life is becoming harder each day has been used by many abusers in this community as an excuse to drug abuse. Many claim that the use of drugs presents them with an effective coping mechanism in times of hardships. In the course of my research about drug abuse in my neighborhood, I managed to meet and interview different people who had experienced the effects of drug at some point in their lives. I targeted individuals who were recovering or had recovered from drug abuse. My decision was based on the fact that such individuals were more than willing to share their experiences with other people as a means of redemption and personal healing. As such, the testimonials used in the compilation of this study were consensual and directly recorded through the interviews. My first interview was on the 21st of April 20 10. On this day, I interviewed an alcoholic who had suffered greatly under the influence of cheap liquor and drugs. He sadly narrated how he had a strong family, a stable job and was respected by many in the neighborhood. However, things turned for the worst after he got retrenched from his office. He claimed that he had been unemployed for five years after loosing his job as an architect. In addition to this, he had three children and a nagging housewife. During the interview, he stated that: â€Å"I normally left the house early in the morning and went to a local bar where I spent the whole day with my new friends†, he says. â€Å"I became such a regular that I often drunk on credit, borrowed money from friends and paid back the debt. The thought of going back home was such a stressor that I opted to spend more time at the pub. When I finally got back home, I always took some sleeping pills to help calm my nerves.† His wife recalls how for seven years that her husb and came home drunk, moody and soaked in urine. â€Å"At times, he beat me so violently that I had to be hospitalized†, she says. She further acclaims that their children were afraid of him and despised him for his actions. Research has it that children brought up in an environment where alcohol consumption is common, end up using it too (McKenzie, 2007). For example, a child brought up in a family where the father is a drunkard is more likely to start drinking than a child brought up in a home where the parents do not drink. On the 24th of April 2010, I had another interview with yet another alcoholic. Her testimonial was a clear revelation on how parental negligence may be detrimental to the social and psychological welfare of the children. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Drugs in My Neighborhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the interview, she had this to say; â€Å"both my parents we re alcoholics throughout my childhood. They were never concerned about how my brother and I spend our day nor the activities that we were involved in. we started by stealing small amounts of alcohol from their stash. It seemed like harmless fun at first but it got worse as we joined high school. Our parents had such a large pile of alcoholic beverages that we could afford to steal some and sell to other students at school†, says a young girl in Flushing whose brother died of a drug overdose three years ago. â€Å"We were out on a party at a friends place. I had no idea that my brother was doing hard drugs. Late at night, I heard someone scream from upstairs. I ran up the stairs only to find my brother lying down on the floor stiff, his lips all dried up and foam was oozing off his mouth†, she laments. After the burial, she ran away from home and joined her friends on the streets. However, life on the street was not any better. Since she had no income, she resulted into prostitution as a means of survival on the streets as well as a way to sustain her habits. â€Å"I once had an abortion and still went back to the profession. A few months later, I was pregnant yet again but I went through with the pregnancy and gave birth to a baby girl. I ran out of the hospital after three days leaving the kid behind†, she says. It took her two years to sober up after a near death experience while using heroine. â€Å"I was taken to a rehab where I recovered from my drug problem. Up to date, I blame my parents for what happened to us. I have lost my child due to mistakes that could have been prevented; if only my parents took their responsibility accordingly†, she adds. Evidently, environmental factors do play a pivotal role towards molding our character. From this interview, it was clear that the environment through which these children grew up provided them with an avenue through which they got involved in drug abuse. In addition to this, lack of money and other basic necessities out in the streets worsened the situation. Peer pressure and poverty have also played a pivotal role in the emergence of drug abuse in Flushing. On the 27th of April 2010, I headed down to ‘Kissena’ street where I had a chance to interview a member of the â€Å"Bloods† gang. During the interview, he narrated that: â€Å"I dropped out of school in high school because my mom claimed that she could not afford to feed us and pay for our tuition fees. With nothing much to do in the neighborhood, I started hanging out with my friends on the blocks and I finally got recruited into one of the most notorious gangs in the neighborhood†, he asserts. Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was so cool; I had money trickling in from the robberies and drug sales, a constant supply of drugs and girls. Also, I was told to oversee the drug supply and deals that went down in my neighborhood and our territories in other places’, he claims. He confesses that as a marketing strategy, he would sell drugs to kids in school and coarse people in the community forcing them to fear and respect him. This went on for a while until he was shot on his way home at night. â€Å"I was so high that I never felt the bullet hit me. After waking up the following morning, I realized that I was in the hospital handcuffed to my bed. The cop claimed that he found drugs in my jacket and I had to go down for that†, he narrated. After three weeks in jail, he was let out and went back to the street where his gang members were armed to the tooth ready for retaliation against the rival gang responsible for his shooting. He further asserts that the use of drugs made them feel invincible and fueled their anger. He insists that if he were sober, he never would have signed up for that suicide mission which saw five of his friends die in the shootout. In addition to this, he claims that poverty, greed and peer pressure are the core reasons as to why most of the youth in Flushing indulge themselves in drug abuse and gang violence. On the same day, another girl involved with a gang claimed that lack of education and proper guidance on matters pertaining to drugs were among the reasons she became a junkie. â€Å"I never finished school and my boyfriend at times took me out to parties where I was introduced to marijuana. The feeling was so relaxing and at times helped me relax and think clearly. I was later introduced to Heroine which I was told was better than anything else I had ever used. Thinking that I would stop if I didn’t like it, I got hooked. After a while, my boyfriend dumped me for another girl. I had to do what I had to do to get a fix†, she c omments. She quit using and went to a rehab recently when her daughter was taken by child protection services as a result of child neglect. She told me that she is reforming her life so that she can have her baby back. Low self esteem and alienation especially among the youth has also played a part in the promotion of drug abuse (Siegel Welsh, 2008). In an interview with a girl from a private high school in Flushing, I realized that some girls end up abusing prescription drugs so that they can fit in with the popular crowd. The truth to this statement was further strengthened by an interview I conducted on the 28th of April 2010. The victim who is a young girl in high school had this to say; â€Å"I was recently released from a rehab where I spent four weeks recovering from my addiction. I was hooked up on dietary pills which I used to check on my weight. Life in high school is so tough and the only way you can get through those years is by being at par with the current trends an d being recognized by the popular kids. I started taking the pills a while back when my friends advised me that they were the best in handling my weight. After a while, I could take them even without eating and I started passing out on a regular basis. My mom took me to the hospital where she was told that drug treatments were not advisable and I had to be rehabilitated in order to detoxify†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ said the patient. On the same note, the availability of illicit drugs has increased tremendously. Dale Marsh (2000) assert that the number of establishments licensed to sell alcohol in New York is very high. In addition to this, the low prices at which these drugs are being sold makes them affordable even to the younger generations a fact that further facilitates the continual abuse of drugs in Flushing. Additionally, the authors suggests that the indulgence of alcohol and drug abuse by underage individuals is brought about by the fact that they can easily buy these drinks at th e stores or have other people buy for them. Also, opportunities to use have been increased in school settings through keg parties and other social events which encourage the individuals to use freely without fear of consequences. However, the local law enforcement agencies in conjunction with the concerned community members have put forward efforts which aim at educating, minimizing and prosecuting drug abuse offenders. In addition to this, non governmental organizations have also stepped into the campaign against drug abuse and have helped in establishing more schools, rehab centers and recreational areas where the youth can get assistance or avoid the chances of being drawn into the vice. In addition o this, the police in Flushing are working extra hard to ensure that all gangs are eliminated and those responsible for drug peddling face justice. If more initiatives are implemented, then Flushing will go back to be an iconic neighborhood viewed with admiration by other neighborhoo ds within New York. Conclusion There is dire need for the mitigation of drug abuse in our communities. The vice not only threatens our future but also our ability to be more productive in our societies. From the research findings, it is evident that this vice is targeting the youth who are ignorant and more susceptible to its influences. The various factors that have contributed to its prevalence in Flushing, New York have been identified and their effects analyzed. Recommendations have also been made on how best this problem can be countered. If more efforts are put by the authorities responsible, this neighborhood will yet again be a safe and drug free zone for the generations to come. References Dale, A. Marsh, A. (2000) Evidenced Based Practice Indicators for Alcohol and Other Drug Interventions: Literature Review. Perth: Best Practice in Alcohol and Other Drug Interventions Working Group. McKenzie, J. (2007). An Introduction to Community Health. USA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Siegel, L, J Welsh, B, C. (2008). Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. USA: Cengage Learning.

Comparison between Visual Thinking using Computer and Conventional Essay

Comparison between Visual Thinking using Computer and Conventional Media - Essay Example This research states that the utilisation of three-dimensional computer-aided design has developed into a routine practice in most design fields including architecture, engineering, archaeology and conservation. Besides these professions, computer aided design has also found much use in science, technology and medical studies. A comparison of the concept generation stage of design between computer-aided design and traditional design is a particularly interesting field of study. Research has been done into computer-aided conceptual design which has been undertaken with quite successful results adoptable to industrial design but the visual thinking undertaken when sketching has not been investigated to significant detail. A critical analysis of a study into the cognition and visual thinking of designers in computer-aided design and how this compares to conventional media concept generation is useful in development of headways in the design of online learning environments. The study ana lysed here-in compares and contrasts computer-aided and conventional media in concept generation in design and whether there are any performance differences when using the two. Narayan et al. defines computer-aided design as any type of design activity that makes use of a computer to develop, analyse or modify an engineering system. The designer creates an image on the computer using geometric elements including lines and circles. Manipulations on the image can then be undertaken through magnification, reduction in size and rotation or other methods until the desired modification is achieved. The impact of computer-aided design on traditional design has been grand with new areas being opened up including shape grammars, database system design, expert systems and knowledge-based systems (Won 2001, p. 320). The traditional theoretical design models can be applied in computer-aided design, for example the Pahl and Beitz model in which the steps involved are clarification of the task, c onceptual design, embodiment of the design and finally detailing of the design (Jaquero 2009, pp. 1-3). Much of the research that has been undertaken has focused on the application of computer-aided design on later stages of the entire design process. There is however need for study into the concept generation stage of computer-aided design. The work of Won and fellow researchers was based on computer-aided design and visual thinking with concept generation as the problem statement. A critical analysis of this study in terms of the statement of the problem, research questions, hypothesis, methodology, results and data analyses and finally the conclusion will be undertaken with an aim to obtain information that is important in the development and design of online learning environments. Statement of the Problem in the Study Won’s study identifies the lack of research into cognitive thinking of designers in computer-aided design as a major source of the problem statement for his study. The fact that computer-aided design is flourishing while research in sketching through conventional media-pen and paper is largely deficient is also identified as another major source of the problem statement (320). Research Questions A review of the study reveals that the major research question that guided the work was â€Å"when designers use the computer as sketching media in the step of concept generation, will cognition and thinking be the same as when using conventional media? If there are differences between the two kinds of media, what kind of differences will there be?† The authors also formulated a minor question for the study; â€Å"if designers use these two kinds of sketching media in the conception generation stage, will there be design performance differences?† (Won et al. 2008, p. 320). Study Objective and Hypothesis The authors identify their main objective as a research into the

Project MKUltra Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project MKUltra - Research Paper Example Project MKUltra scope is broad, with research happening within 80 institutions including colleges, universities, pharmaceutical companies, hospitals and prisons. CIA operated through the institutions using some front organizations though the top officials from these institutions knew of the involvement of CIA. The Project MKUltra came to public in 1975 by US congress church committee and the Gerald Ford Commission in order to investigate on the activities of CIA in United States. However, the investigative efforts suffered adversely when Richard Helms, the CIA director, ordered destruction to MKUltra files. This compelled investigators to rely on sworn testimony directly from participants and few documents that survived the destruction order by Helm. A 20,000 documents cache emerged in 1977 through a freedom of Information request. This led to senate hearings in the same year, and in 2001, there was declassification of surviving information on MKUltra.1 Goals of MKUltra The agency used a lot of money to examine the methods used in controlling and influencing the mind, as well as enhancing the ability of extracting information from resistant subject when interrogating them. CIA attempted to focus the attention of the media on programs to divert the attention of people on the major goal of the research, which developed effective interrogation and torture methods. The substances used promoted impulsiveness and illogical thinking to a level of discrediting the recipient in public. Such substances enabled the subjects withstand torture, coercion and torture during interrogation, and enhanced mental confusion such that an individual cannot maintains any fabrication. In 19532, a secret memorandum granted up to 6 percent of CIA research budget to MKUltra with accounting or oversight. The LSD drug distorted sense of reality of a person. The administration of drugs targeted helpless people with no ability to fight back, and also to the officials of CIA, doctors and military personnel. However, the administration happened without the subjects’ informed consent or knowledge. After the administration, subjects answered questions in the presence of doctors, with stern warnings of punishment in case they failed to reveal the secrets. This aimed at bringing out drugs which irresistibly triggered deep confessions. Other drugs triggered a person to sl eep so that interrogators may ask questions and get answers with much ease. This enabled CIA asks questions, and sometime gets useful answers. Deaths The CIA destroyed most records purposely and failed in following up informed consent when administering the drugs. However, project MKUltra caused several deaths such as those of Frank Olson of United States Army and other CIA officials. CIA used the biological materials in their covert operations. In January 1953, Harold Blauer died after administration of secret army experiment using MDA. Legal Issues Associated with MKUltra Revelations of the army and CIA prompted most survivors and subjects file several lawsuits against the federal government for engaging in experiments without the informed consent. Despite the government trying to evade legal liability, most plaintiffs received compensation through court orders. The CIA and Army director also met together with victims offer their apologies. The Army and CIA had previously sought a successful incrimination of the information, and secretly

Issues and Dilemmas of Contemporary Public Administration WK 6 Term Paper - 1

Issues and Dilemmas of Contemporary Public Administration WK 6 - Term Paper Example More often than not however, public administrators have been confronted with a myriad of ethical obligations which include but not inclined to: public interest, administrative responsibility as well as other personal life matters such as finances, sexual misconduct and health, among many others (Geuras & Garofalo, 2009). Public interest incorporates the welfare of the general public. Public administrators are mandated to serve the people. Thus, they are endorsed with the duty and responsibility to enhance public interest. It is therefore expected of them to conduct their activities with fairness and equality. Thus, they have an ethical obligation to maintain accountability and openness in their activities so as to ensure that they are doing what is perceived to be right within the perception of the public. Administrative responsibility on the other hand involves the behavior of public administrators and the expectations that others have with respect to that behavior. In this regards, a public administrator is deemed to be responsible if his/her behavior conforms to the expectations. Conversely, if a public administrator’s behavior deviated from the expectations, such an administrator is considered irresponsible. The private sector has been applauded for enhancing administrative responsibility more efficiently than the public sector. Perhaps, this accounts for the increased prevalence of various governments privatizing most of their activities. In a nutshell, privatization refers to the incidence of transferring ownership of public service, property, agency, enterprise or business from the public sector to the private sector. More often than not, privatization has been considered as a solution to the many challenges that are replete in public administration. This has seen an increase in the private sector assuming the responsibility of carrying out service delivery, which was initially carried out by the public sector. In the recent years, many

Islamophobia Essay Example for Free

Islamophobia Essay Islamophobia is controversy term that refers to perjudice and discrimination of Islam and muslim. It become more popular after attack of 11/9. Now, i’ll tell you about 11/9 issues, which is the series of 4 suicided attack organised by Al-Qaeda on the United states in 11 of september 2001. In that morning, 19 al-qaeda’s seized four passengers jet. And the hijackers intentionally crassh the 2 plane into PWTC in city of newyork. Thus, this tragedy had killed all passengers and most of the workers in the building involved. Both of towers collapsed within 2hours. Suspicion quickly fell on the al-Qaeda’s leader which is Osama bin Laden at that time. As we know that alQaeda such a muslims organization. Based on what had happened to american in this tragedy made the outsiders phobia to Islam and think that Islam suched a terrorist religion. I can give you one opinion of a British journalis in the indipendent, Johan Harry. He argues that authentic Islamophobia exist and consist of the nation that is a uniquely evil religon, more definitly war, like a fanantical than cristianity or budism or others. For more clear, let me tell you about a hindustan movies My Name Is Khan and I’m sure some of you have heard about this movie. The story about Rizwan Khan charactered by Shah Rukh Khan which is a sindrom Asperger. He’s meet his love in america state with a widow, mandira who is have a son named Sam. When they decided to married. Name’s of Sam should be change to Sameer Khan. And the name of khan create a prejudice Islam-christian. Until sameer Khan had been killed at the middle of the field in america by his friends. This is clearly shown the feelings of scared in american until they have to killed their own friends. In 1997 the British RunnymedeTrust defined that Islamophobia is as dread and hatred of Islam and let to the fear and dislike of all muslims. Stating that it also refers to the practise of discriminating againts muslims by excluding them from economic, social, pilitics and public life of the nation. It includes the perception that Islam has no values in common with other cultures is interior to the west and also is violent political ideology rather than a religion. The Runnymede report contrasted open and closed views of Islam, and stated that the following eight closed views are equated with Islamophobia: 1. Islam is seen as a monolithic bloc, static and unresponsive to change. 2. It is seen as separate and other. It does not have values in common with other cultures, is not affected by them and does not influence them. 3. It is  seen as inferior to the West. It is seen as barbaric, irrational, primitive, and sexist 4. It is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supportive of terrorism, and engaged in a clash of civilizations.

Communication process and the correct message

Communication process and the correct message Introduction Communication is a very day routine communicating that can be whether it is talking to people on the telephone or in person ,talking dictation and transcribing business correspondence , listening with colleagues and staff ,writing letter, faxes, reports and e -mail .It is essential to learn from our communications, from our successes and our failures ,and to develop and enhance our communication skills . Communication involves the sharing of ideas and information. While many people think of communication primarily in oral or written form, communication is in fact so much more. A knowing look or a gentle touch can also communicate a message loud and clear, as can a hard push or an angry slap. So, what is communication -an interaction between two people in which something is exchanged. Thus, communication has two important functions in an organization as it enables people to exchange necessary information, and It helps set members of the organization apart from non-members. Communication may be defined as giving, receiving or exchanging information, opinions or ideas by writing, speech or visual means, so that the message communicated is completely understood by the recipient. Communication is the process of sharing our ideas, thoughts, and feelings with other people and having those ideas, thoughts, and feelings understood by the people we are talking wit. When we communicate we speak, listen, and observe. The process of communication is successful only when the receiver understands an idea as the sender intended. Effective communication is the result of the most accurate exchange of information, full understanding of the message by hoth the parties, and appropriate action taken upon completion of the information exchange. The basis of effective communication, whether. oral or written, is clarity about · the subject matter. Since communication is the act of creating understanding, therefore, the message should be communicated in such a way that it is received as the communicator intended, without any misunderstanding. Effective communication requires a thorough knowledge of the communication process, the environment in which it is taking place and an awareness about the possible barriers that may hinder the flow of communication. Understanding between the communicator and the receiver of the message is also very important. Define Question 1: To answer this question I need to know more details about the communications process. After get the knowledge about the communication process then only I can explain the process that a communication undergoes. For this question I need to draw the communication process. From the figure I will explain the five steps that is involve in the communication process and the function of each steps. Finally, after describe the steps, I need to know the method and process to ensure that the audience has received the right message. I also get to know about the speaker and listener attitude and purposes and channel that can be used to ensure the right message received. Answer for Question 1: Communication Process Sender Message Channel/ Medium Message Audience Encoding Decoding Feedback to sender of possible or appropriate Process of communication and familiarize ourselves with the elements involved in the process. Communication is a five-step process: The sender has an idea, the idea becomes a message, the message is transmitted, the receiver gets the message, the receiver reacts and sends feedback. Misunderstandings can arise at any stage of the communication process and when that happens, the process breaks down. The transmission of the senders ideas to the receiver and the receivers feedback to the sender constitute the communication cycle or process. This process involves five step: Sender has an idea: Conceive an idea and want to share it .The form of the idea may be influenced by the senders mood, frame of reference, background, culture, and physical makeup, as well as the context of the situation . Senders are individuals who react to situations from a unique vantage point, interpreting ideas and filtering experiences through their own perception. The sender encodes an idea or feeling in words or signs that the receiver will recognize and transmits this message to the receiver. Sender encodes the idea in a message: When we put idea into a message that we receiver will understand ,we are encoding. Encoding means converting the idea into words or gestures that will convey meaning is translation or conversion of the idea or intention or message into words or signals so that receiver would reconvert the same as intended by the sender. A major problem in communicating any message verbally is that words have different meanings for different people .Thats why skilled communicators try to choose familiar words with concrete meaning on which both senders and receivers agree. Message travels over a channel: The medium over which the message is transmitted is the channel. Message may be sent by computer, telephone, letter, or memorandum. They may also be sent by means of the report, announcement, picture, spoken word, fax, or other channel. Because both verbal and nonverbal message are carried, senders must choose channels carefully. Anything that disrupts the transmission of the message in the communication process is called noise. Channel noise ranges from static that disrupts a telephone conversation to spelling errors in an e mail message. Such errors damage the credibility of the sender. The channel we choose depend on our message , the location of audience , need for speed and the formality of the situation. Receiver decodes message; The person for whom a message is intended is receiver. Translating the message from its symbol form into meaning involves decoding .Successful communication takes place only when a receiver understands the meaning intended by the sender. Such success is often hard ton achieve because no two people share the same background .Success is further limited because barriers and noise may disrupt the process. Decoding is what the receiver does to reconvert the received words or signals into the idea or intention or message as originally intended by the sender. The problems associated with encoding or decoding are due to the fact that words or signals have multiple meanings and thus there is a possibility of either use of wrong words or wrong signals or understanding them in a way different from what is originally intended. Feedback travels to sender : Feedback can take place immediately or over a long period of time it may be the desired outcome of a series of communication which will take place over several months. Both communication and audience can responds to the feedback. The verbal and nonverbal responses of the receiver create feedback, a vital part of the entire communication process. Feedback helps the sender known that the message was received and understood .Senders can encourage feedback by asking question. Senders can further improve feedback by delivering the message at a time when receiver can respond. The sender would be communicating back to the sender his or her evaluation or how he or she understood about each part of the message or word before the sender goes further in acting on the message. Here in the present example the secretary did not give her feedback about what she understood and thus the intended message failed. The communication process is repeated until both are parties have finished expressing themselves .The process is effective only when each step is successful.. In order to send our message it is clear that we need an understanding of the role of the communicator and audience, and then we can select the appropriate channel of communication .That why communication process is important in our life. How to ensure the intended audience receive the right message? When we send a message, we intend to communicate meaning, but the message itself doesnt contain meaning. The meaning exists in your mind and in the mind of the receiver. To understand one another, the receiver and I must share similar meaning of words, gestures, voice, and other symbols. There a few way to ensure the intended audience receive the right message : Now who is audience An audience is a group. My audience might be my instructor, classmates, t the president of an organization, the staff of a management company, or any other number of possibilities. Communication will also be determined by the status of the audience. It different context each of us has a different status and may represent different market segments. We need to consider audience Audience has separate in many way like initial audience is the first audience to get the message .Sometime this audience tells to write the message. A gatekeeper has the power to stop you message instead of sending it on other audience . The primary audience will decide whether to accept or will act on the basis of the message .The secondary audience may asked to comment on the message or to implement idea after they been approved . Finally watchdog audience , though it does not have the power to stop the message and will not act directly on it .This audience pays close attention to the transaction between the sender and the primary audience and may base future actions on its evaluation of the sender message. Determine intended audience. We wont be able to construct the right message unless you identify the consumers you want to reach. A sharply defined target audience aids the development of a sharply focused and effective message to deliver. We can now from body language .Body language can divide into facial expression , eye contact , posture and stance , physical contact ,and gestures or gesticulation. Facial expressions is one or more motions or positions of the  muscles  of the  face. The subtlety of facial expressions is determined by the types of eye contact we encounter .It is important to look people straight in the eye when talking to them .Looking up ,down, or to the side indicates that they are not worthy of our full attention and therefore lack significance . Posture and stance physical position or bearing while standing .Consider the attitudes that the postures is leaning forward on desk ,perching on edge of seat , fiddling with pens, and paper and biting nails. Physical contact is much more than firm handshake. finally gestures and gesticulation is like shaking head indicates disagreement or collaboration . The same message may be addressed to different audiences using differing language and channels of communication and you will require the feedback to be different for your own internal communication. Keep the Audience focused You can also help your audience by eliminating any information that doesnt directly contribute to your purpose. Many business messages contain too much material. The sender, in hopes of being thorough, tries to explain everything there is to know about a subject, but most audiences dont need everything. All they need are a few pertinent facts, enough information to answer their question or facilitate their decisions. By keeping your messages as brief and as clean as possible, you make them easier to absorb. Message conditions Make sure your messaging is clear. If you are delivering a message that is too vague, it will impact how well any channel delivers it. Especially with multiple channel integrated campaigns, you need a message that is obvious and apparent enough that it comes across to your target audience regardless of the interactive channel where they encounter it. The message can be unclear. If the messenger uses words unknown to the receiver, expressions typical of an area, slang or too many acronyms for example, the receiver might have trouble to decode the message. So the sender need to used simple languages with simple words and can be understand by the receiver. Mind of the messenger The state of mind of the messenger can influence the message. Anger, frustration, joy can all change the way the message will be perceived. The tone used to say a simple sentence can lend tons of meaning, as well as the body language accompanying the words. These play a role at the receiving end of the process as well. If in a bad mood, the receiver might perceive what is being said in a different way than when in a good mood, for example. Channel used It is important to ensure that the sender use an appropriate channel to communicate with a target audience. There are various channel of communicating with a target audience such as face to face , oral , written , and visual. If the wrong channel is used for the content and intent of the message the might get lost. For example, when a supervisor asks one of his employees to come and see him in his office, the message might not be perceived the same . If communicated in person or through a note left on the employees desk. Demonstrating Empathy The audience must be able to decode the intent of the messenger. It is necessary to . Understand the reasons as well as the reasoning behind the message. Empathy is one of the first characteristics of a good receiver. To respond appropriately, the Audience must try and read the messenger. Body language, facial expressions, Voice and intonation are all clues that can be used in decoding the messenger and his true message. Shutting Out the Environment In order to centre his attention on the messenger, the sender must try to shut off the rest of the world and avoid distraction Listen to the conversation taking place at the next table and text a friend. With all the solicitation that the world offers, it might prove to be difficult, but a genuine conversation cannot happen without real involvement. A successful audience will learn to withdraw from it and give deliberate attention to the messenger. Just as one cannot expect to do quality work in a room full of distraction, one cannot expect to have a real conversation surrounded by noise and other stimuli. It might be as simple as retiring to a quiet room or as involved as practicing shutting out outside distractions. One of the greatest sources of communication problem is noise. Make the Messages Meet Conversation occurs when each one of the participants is trying to say something different. Like the messenger, the receiver comes to a conversation with a specific intent. Both intents might meet, contradict or be in conflict with one another. The problems start when the receivers intent is different from the messenger and his messages intent. It is as if there are no receivers, just two messengers trying to get something across to the other. Having a conversation is a two way process. Both participants must come to it with the same openness and availability. The receiver may apply all the rules and tricks possible, but if the messenger is not willing to become in turn a good receiver, the communication process become broken and no real conversation can take place. Communicating, really communicating cannot take place without commitment from both participants. If one of them is not really available, it becomes a bit like talking to a wall, a wall that might provide all the right ans wers at the right time, but that is not really listening. Facilitate Feedback In addition to minimizing noise, giving the audience a chance to provide feedback is crucial. But one thing that makes business communication difficult is the complexity of the feedback loop. If we are talking face-to-face with another person, feedback is immediate and clear. However, if we are writing a letter, memo, or report that will be read by several people, feedback will be delayed and mixed. Some of the readers will be enthusiastic or respond promptly; others will be critical or reluctant to respond, and revising our message to take into account their feedback will be difficult. When we plan a message, think about the amount of feedback that we want to encourage. Feedback is not always easy to get, even when ours encourage it. In some cases we may have to draw out the other person by asking question. If we want to know specific things, ask specific questions, but also encourage our audience to express general reaction, we can often learn something very interesting that way. Conclusion, effective communication and conversation more particularly requires an open mind and an availability that the modern world does not always permit. It is the task of both the messenger and the receiver to create conditions that make real communication possible. This can be done through empathy, availability and an open-mind. the communication process is the perfect guide toward achieving effective communication. When followed properly, the process can usually assure that the senders message will be understood by the receiver. Although the communication process seems simple, it in essence is not. The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There are also two other factors in the process, and those two factors are present in the form of the sender and the receiver. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver. Define Question 2: In this question I need to explain more about the methods, the mediums, and the vehicles that I would use in my products and to communicate with my target audience. This is to make sure them attract with my company product and to persuade them to buy this products. The products that I will choose is laptop, Ferrari One this is because nowadays laptop are getting popular and used by teenager in college . So to promote my laptop products I need to do a advertisement and explain it. Answer for Question 2: As the Product Manager of a soon to be launched the Ferrari one laptop branded product, will use some effective methods, mediums and vehicle to communicate with my company target audience so that I can persuade them to buy my products. The medium or channels that I will use are Internal Channels, External Channels, and individual contact. For the internal channels, the processing of immediate information to individuals within an organisation will include telephone message, internal memoranda or messages which will probably be written on headed paper to be kept as records of the correspondence later. These will be immediate responses to other information received and be required by specified individuals in a very short time-scale. The communicator can make use of memos, house journals, bulletins, notice boards, meeting formal and informal, and telephone calls or closed circuit television. The recipients will be familiar with the context, background and language used in the communication. Effective internal communication can seen in various instances such as communicating with superiors, communicating with sub-ordinates, communicating with colleagues and communicating between departments. External channels of communication need not restrict information exchange to an external organisation. Corporate brochures, sales literature or any paid-for advertising is also accessible to those within the organisation .Besides that, we dont want our internal market to gain information in second hand . In terms of organisations success , briefing internally via journals , magazines , staff meetings or newsletters should form part. If external communication take form of the letters, telephone calls or reports then it wont be necessary for everyone within ours organisation to have copies , but key personnel in project need to be briefed as to ongoing communication external. Effective communication with those outside a company bring in order build goodwill, and ensures the continued existence and growth of the business such as interacting with costumers, dealing with government agencies and department ,handling suppliers and dealing with the public. Individual contact with an organisation can be more effective than broadcast media, where the message is diluted and standardised to suit many rather individuals. Newspapers are out-of-date almost as soon as they are printed, ready for the next news item. Clearly the time-scales of the communication will also determine the channel. As a starting point, here is a brief description of what are probably the most popular methods for business communication used today. Some of these are universally familiar, others recent arrivals on the scene, but for completeness and to ensure a common understanding. The method is Letters , memos , reports because there is no e-mail link between the parties, because a hard copy is required to meet audit or legal requirements or because the recipient prefers to read from paper than from a screen . E-mail because E-mail means for delivering short text messages within organisations that are networked or exchange of computer-stored messages by telecommunication. As e-mail between organisations becomes more common, the medium will increasingly take the place of fax, particularly as whole documents can be sent as e-mail attachments. Intranet also method because intranet uses the same technology as the Internet, and private network that is contained within an enterprise . It may consist of many interlinked local area networks .Normally an intranet is used to deliver text and images, although the technology is capable of audio, animation, video and real- time 3D graphics sometimes called virtual reality. Radio is used almost exclusively for public broadcast channels and has few uses for business communications. And the Phone. Phones are universal and, with the advent of voice mail and mobile phones, it is now possible to reach people practically anytime, anywhere. Finally, the communication vehicles that use are E-newsletters. E-newsletters are a simple way to proactively reach to our neighbours. Seven reasons for E-newsletters are complement our website, Email newsletters are more cost-effective than print newsletters, E-newsletters are interactive, we can test its effectiveness, E-newsletters encourage word-of mouth advertising, our preaching to the choir and Starting today will help build our subscriber base. Besides that, Websites also are communication vehicles. Websites allow organizations an opportunity to passively reach their audience. Websites allow neighbours access to organization without attending meetings. In addition, minutes, and files easily uploaded through a fairly simple interface. Print Newsletters is easy to underestimate the value of a newsletter. But a newsletter allows you to connect with neighbours on an ongoing basis and create a greater sense of community. For a newsletter to succeed it must provide accurate and current information. The information must be relevant to the recipient and the format must be pleasing and readable. A print newsletter can take many forms. They can be in the form of a brochure or pamphlet. Finally , the are six ways in communication vehicles that is keep it simple ,use metaphors and analogy , use many different forums to spread the word , repeat key messages , lead by example and listen and be listened to. This is the method , medium and vehicles that I will use to communicate with my audience to persuade them to buy my product. Conclusion , As the product manager of a soon-to-be-launched product , we need to use the mediums , and the vehicles that I would use to communicate with my target audience to persuade them to buy my laptop product . It will help me to sell my product . The advertisement for my product. The laptop market is being flooded everyday with new and newer laptops arriving in the market almost every hour. If you are a serious gadget geek like us, you would want to keep track to all of them which is why we have complied a list of the latest laptops in the market and are happy to present them before you. Have a look at these brand new laptops. Ferrari One Display : 11.1 Inch 1366 X 768 pixels Processor : Dual Core 1.2 GHz Athlon X2 L310 ATI Radeon 3200 graphics Wi-Fi Bluetooth Windows 7 This is my product Conclusion and Recommendation Understanding communication process is very critical to the managers of the organization. They should understand that communication is rarely understood as it should be. The distortion of the message can happen at any of the stages in communication process-sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, channel, message and feedback. In order to send our message, it is clear that we need an understanding of the role and function of the communication and audience, and then we select the appropriate channels of communication .there will also be feedback from us, as communication, to the audience . Communication within and between organisation is dependent on human relationship and organisational context which influence manner, tone, and style. Information must be appropriate to the context and medium, accessible, clearly presented and attract attention because individual receive so many messages and communication. The credibility of an organisation is dependent on the communication style of the individuals who are its representatives. Successful communications do not usually take place in a hostile environment. We can summarise the key factor in successful and effective communication as relevance , accessibility , precision , attract attention , congeniality , and credibility.